record reading device

— accelerating device

— accident prevention device

— acoustic-homing device

— active detection device

— active homing device

— airborne device

— altitude sensing device

— analogue computing device

— antiaircraft device

— anticollision device

— anti-g device

— antigravity device

— antijamming device

— antijet-noise device

— antiradar device

— antiskid ding device

— antisloshing device

— antisurge device

— antivibration device

— antiwindmilling device

— arresting device

— ASW detection device

— atomization device

— atomizing device

— attitude control device

— attitude reference device

— automatic control device

— automatic device

— automatic monitoring device

— automatic navigation device

— automatic star-tracking device

— auxiliary power device

— averaging device

— built-in device

— cable tension device

— canopy-opening device

— cargo lashing device

— cargo tie-down device

— changeover device

— checking device

— checkout device

— collision warning device

— combustion-stabilization device

— computer device

— computing device

— controlling device

— cooling device

— countermeasures device

— damping device

— data storage device

— dead-reckoning device

— decelerating device

— deceleration device

— decoding device

— decoy device

— de-crabbing device

— deicing device

— detonator-safety device

— disconnecting device

— disengaging device

— display device

— distribution device

— ditching device

— drag producing device

— driving device

— drogue device

— dust-proof device

— dust-protection device

— electrically-operated guillotine device

— electrooptic storage device

— energy-absorbing device

— engine-cooling device

— erecting device

— explosive device

— expulsion device

— fast-response device

— ferreting device

— fire alarm device

— fixed launching device

— flight device

— float-type device

— flow measuring device

— follow-up device

— fuze safety device

— gear-tip warning device

— ground-support device

— heading device

— heat-generating device

— heat-sensing device

— high-lift device

— high-lift leading-edge device

— holdback device

— holding device

— hold-on device

— homing device

— hood-opening device

— identification-friend-or-foe device

— IFF device

— illumination device

— image device

— indexing device

— indicating device

— individual lift device

— inflight safety device

— infrared homing device

— injection device

— injector device

— inspection device

— Internal communication device

— internally-implanted device

— jamming device

— jettison device

— land-borne launching device

— launching device

— leading-edge mechanical device

— lift-augmentation device

— light-seeking device

— loading device

— loading-unloading device

— location device

— low-yield device

— man-seat separation device

— material handling device

— measuring device

— mechanical high-lift device

— memory device

— mirror landing device

— missile-launching device

— miss-score device

— miss-scoring device

— mobile launching device

— multiplexing device

— navigational device

— nonskid braking device

— nose-tow launching device

— onboard device

— one-man propulsion device

— one-shot device

— optical-homing device

— orientation device

— partial throw-away device

— passive detection device

— passive homing device

— percussion device

— pickup device

— pitch-up warning device

— pneudraulic device

— pneumatic high-lift device

— pressure-measuring device

— pressure-sensitive device

— primer-safety device

— radar homing device

— rate-measuring device

— reader device

— reading device

— readout device

— record reader device

— record reading device

— recording device

— regulating device

— releasing device

— rendezvous device

— resonance-following device

— rewriting device

— riser burn-through device

— S&A device

— satellite orientation device

— scanning device

— scarerow device

— seat-man separation device

— self-guidance device

— self-homing device

— self-monitoring device

— self-recording device

— self-regulation device

— sensing device

— separation device

— shock-absorbing device

— shorting device

— signaling device

— solar-pointing device

— space destruction device

— spaceborne device

— speed control device

— spraying device

— stability augmentation device

— stabilizing device

— stage-separation device

— stall prevention device

— stall-warning device

— starting device

— stick-shaker device

— stick-shaking device

— sun shadow device

— supersonic deceleration device

— survival device

— switching device

— target device

— target-detecting device

— target-detection device

— target-seeking device

— target-sensing device

— tension device

— thermonuclear device

— three-stage device

— thrust device

— thrust-augmentation device

— thrust-reversal device

— thrust-termination device

— time-delay device

— timer device

— timing device

— torque balance device

— tracking device

— trailing-edge high-lift device

— two-stage holdback device

— under-voltage warning device

— underwater self-homing device

— vertical erection device

— warning device

— wing leading-edge device

— wing trailing-edge device

1) устройство; прибор; приспособление; механизм; аппарат

2) элемент, компонент (см. тж component, element, unit)

3) схема; метод; способ

•

- accounting device

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology, Photography, film and optics

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At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.

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See also: Demenÿ, Georges

BC / MG

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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He was born Edward Muggeridge, but later changed his name, taking the Saxon spelling of his first name and altering his surname, first to Muygridge and then to Muybridge. He emigrated to America in 1851, working in New York in bookbinding and selling as a commission agent for the London Printing and Publishing Company. Through contact with a New York daguerreotypist, Silas T.Selleck, he acquired an interest in photography that developed after his move to California in 1855. On a visit to England in 1860 he learned the wet-collodion process from a friend, Arthur Brown, and acquired the best photographic equipment available in London before returning to America. In 1867, under his trade pseudonym "Helios", he set out to record the scenery of the Far West with his mobile dark-room, christened "The Flying Studio".

His reputation as a photographer of the first rank spread, and he was commissioned to record the survey visit of Major-General Henry W.Halleck to Alaska and also to record the territory through which the Central Pacific Railroad was being constructed. Perhaps because of this latter project, he was approached by the President of the Central Pacific, Leland Stanford, to attempt to photograph a horse trotting at speed. There was a long-standing controversy among racing men as to whether a trotting horse had all four hooves off the ground at any point; Stanford felt that it did, and hoped than an "instantaneous" photograph would settle the matter once and for all. In May 1872 Muybridge photographed the horse "Occident", but without any great success because the current wet-collodion process normally required many seconds, even in a good light, for a good result. In April 1873 he managed to produce some better negatives, in which a recognizable silhouette of the horse showed all four feet above the ground at the same time.

Soon after, Muybridge left his young wife, Flora, in San Francisco to go with the army sent to put down the revolt of the Modoc Indians. While he was busy photographing the scenery and the combatants, his wife had an affair with a Major Harry Larkyns. On his return, finding his wife pregnant, he had several confrontations with Larkyns, which culminated in his shooting him dead. At his trial for murder, in February 1875, Muybridge was acquitted by the jury on the grounds of justifiable homicide; he left soon after on a long trip to South America.

He again took up his photographic work when he returned to North America and Stanford asked him to take up the action-photography project once more. Using a new shutter design he had developed while on his trip south, and which would operate in as little as 1/1,000 of a second, he obtained more detailed pictures of "Occident" in July 1877. He then devised a new scheme, which Stanford sponsored at his farm at Palo Alto. A 50 ft (15 m) long shed was constructed, containing twelve cameras side by side, and a white background marked off with vertical, numbered lines was set up. Each camera was fitted with Muybridge's highspeed shutter, which was released by an electromagnetic catch. Thin threads stretched across the track were broken by the horse as it moved along, closing spring electrical contacts which released each shutter in turn. Thus, in about half a second, twelve photographs were obtained that showed all the phases of the movement.

Although the pictures were still little more than silhouettes, they were very sharp, and sequences published in scientific and photographic journals throughout the world excited considerable attention. By replacing the threads with an electrical commutator device, which allowed the release of the shutters at precise intervals, Muybridge was able to take series of actions by other animals and humans. From 1880 he lectured in America and Europe, projecting his results in motion on the screen with his Zoopraxiscope projector. In August 1883 he received a grant of $40,000 from the University of Pennsylvania to carry on his work there. Using the vastly improved gelatine dry-plate process and new, improved multiple-camera apparatus, during 1884 and 1885 he produced over 100,000 photographs, of which 20,000 were reproduced in Animal Locomotion in 1887. The subjects were animals of all kinds, and human figures, mostly nude, in a wide range of activities. The quality of the photographs was extremely good, and the publication attracted considerable attention and praise.

Muybridge returned to England in 1894; his last publications were Animals in Motion (1899) and The Human Figure in Motion (1901). His influence on the world of art was enormous, over-turning the conventional representations of action hitherto used by artists. His work in pioneering the use of sequence photography led to the science of chronophotography developed by Marey and others, and stimulated many inventors, notably Thomas Edison to work which led to the introduction of cinematography in the 1890s.

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данные, информация, сведения

1) автоматический